A bilateral graph is used to display two or more sets of related data on the same graph and can be a line graph, bar graph, or another type of graph.
Thursday, April 17, 2014
Bilateral Graph
A bilateral graph is used to display two or more sets of related data on the same graph and can be a line graph, bar graph, or another type of graph.
Nominal Area Choropleth Maps
A nominal area choropleth map is used to display nominal data which is simply data that can not be organized quantitatively. The data is grouped so that different colors represent different categories. The map above displays the U.S. House Winners by district across the United States.
Unstandardized Choropleth Maps
An unstandardized choropleth map displays data sets as raw numbers instead of averaging the data. The unstandardized choropleth map above shows which language is dominant in a particular area of Afghanistan.
Standardized Choropleth Maps
A standardized choropleth map uses standardized levels of data so that the data can be areally averaged and then compared to other areas of different sizes. The map above shows the standardized ratios of low birth weight.
Univariate Choropleth Maps
A univariate choropleth map simply displays a single variable across a region. In this particular example above, we are viewing the percent of people living in poverty across the rural United States.
Bivariate Choropleth Maps
A bivariate choropleth map is used to display two variables on a single map by combining two different sets of colors and is very useful in graphically illustrating the relationship between two spatially distributed variables. The bivariate choropleth map above measure percent change and the population density across the United States.
Unclassed Choropleth Maps
Unclassed choropleth map do not have an averaged statistic towards each particular color which means that the color shades are directly proportional to the values of each enumeration unit. The unclassed choropleth map above shows the flash densities across the nation from 1996 to 2005.
Classed Choropleth Maps
A Classed Choropleth map is just a choropleth map that separates the measured variable into certain classifications. These maps use smaller intervals to portray the data and are broken down into a scale that is presented by using colored intervals. The classed choropleth map above displays the birth rates of Europe by shading the countries different colors.
Star Plots
A star plot is useful for displaying multivariate data with each star representing a single observation. The star plots above are of 16 different cars with many variables being plotted and analyzed.
Correlation Matrix
A correlation matrix is a table that contains correlation coefficients among several markets in different time frames. The correlation matrix above is displaying the relationships between the principal bond and forex markets as well as equity regions, sectors, and investing styles for which Investors RouteMap generates recommendations.
Similarity Matrix
A similarity matrix is a matrix of scores which represent the similarity between a number of data points and each element of the matrix contains a measure of similarity between two of the data points. The image above is a similarity matrix that is displaying gene expression.
Stem and Leaf Plot
A stem and leaf plot is a way of organizing numerical data in order of place of value. These plots are useful in determining the frequency of a specific data point. The stem and leaf plot above shows the distribution of adult heights.
Box plot
A box plot graphical depicts groups of numerical data through their quartiles. The box plot above graphs data from the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Histogram
A histogram displays statistical information by using rectangles to show the frequency of data items in successive numerical intervals of equal size. Most commonly, the independent variable is plotted on the horizontal axis while the dependent variable is plotted on the vertical axis. The histogram above is plotting the number of students and their scores on the final exam.
Parallel coordinate graph
This graph above is a parallel coordinate plot which is used to visualize high-dimensional geometry and analyzing multivariate data. This type of graph is closely related to time series visualizations except that it is applied to data where the axes do not correspond to points in time.
Triangular Plot
A triangular plot, also known as a ternary plot, is a barycentric plot on three variables which sum to a constant and it is useful for graphically depicting the ratios of the three variables as positions in an equilateral triangle. These plots are mainly used in physical chemistry, petrology, mineralogy, metallurgy, and several other physical sciences. The triangular plot above is a flammability diagram for methane.
Wind rose
A wind rose is a graphic tool that is used by meteorologists to see how wind speed and direction are typically distributed at a determined location. The wind rose above displays the wind speed and direction for LaGuardia Airport, New York.
Climograph
A Climograph uses a graphical representation to display the basic climatic parameters of average temperature and precipitation for a specific geographic area. This graph allows us to see a quick view of the climate of a location. The climograph above shows the average temperature and precipitation for Calcutta.
Population Profile
A population profile is produced by overlapping two or more bar graphs and are useful for showing the number of people as a function of their ages. The population profile chart above displays the number of men and women with and without HIV/AIDS for a range of different ages.
Scatter plot
A scatter plot is a mathematical diagram that uses Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a specific data set. Scatter plots provide a useful summary for a set of bivariate data and can be used to determine what kind of relationship there might be between the two variables. The scatter plot above displays the waiting time between Old Faithful Eruptions as well as the eruption duration.
Index Value Plot
An Index value plot is a visualization map that plots an index value on a line graph. This index value plot above displays the average stream flow index for North Carolina.
Lorenz Curve
A Lorenz Curve is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution function of the empirical probability distribution of wealth and is a useful concept in describing inequality among the size of individuals in ecology as well as in studies of biodiversity where cumulative proportion of species is plotted against cumulative proportion of individuals. The graph above consists of a Lorenz curve and measures income distribution.
DEM Map
A DEM, or Digital Elevation Map, is a digital model or 3D representation of a terrain's surface and is commonly used in displaying the surface terrain of planets, moons, and asteroids. The Map above is a Digital Elevation Model of New Mexico and allows us to see the difference textures on the ground level of the region.
DLG Map
A DLG, or Digital Line Graph, is a map that is represented in digital vector form and is commonly used by the United States Geological Survey. The map above is a DLG map that shows a large area consisting of some major roads as well as water ways.
DRG Map
A DRG map, which stands for Digital Raster Graphics Map, is basically just a USGS topographical map that has been made into a digital image by scanning it onto a computer. These maps measure relief/elevation by using contour lines and the map above is an example of DRG map from Yosemite Valley.
Cartogram
A cartogram is a thematic map that measures a variable that is substituted for land area or distance. The two main types of cartograms are known as area and distance cartograms. The map above is an area cartogram that is measuring election results by county for the year 2008.
Isopleth Maps
An Isopleth map generalizes and simplifies data by measuring continuous distribution across a region. These maps are commonly used for mapping surface elevations, amounts of precipitation, and many other measurements that can be viewed statistically as a third dimension. The Isopleth map above measure total precipitation across the United States for the year 1996.
Isopach Map
An Isopach map uses contour lines to connect points of equal thickness. These maps are often utilized in hydrographic survey, stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology and volcanology. The map above is Isopach map of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York.
Isohyets Maps
An Isohyet map measures precipitation by connecting lines of equal rainfall. This is useful in the field of Meteorology for examining changes of rainfall from year to year. The map above displays the median annual rainfall for all of Australia.
Isotach Map
An Isotach Map measures and display wind speeds by connecting contour lines of equal wind speeds. These maps are useful in determining another aspect that affects weather conditions. The map above shows wind speeds across the United States.
Isobar Maps
An Isobar Map, which is a variation of an isoline map, uses lines to connect points of equal atmospheric pressure. The distance between isobars indicates the barometric gradient across the region and these maps are also useful in determining certain weather conditions. The image above is an Isobar map of the United States and display information about differing atmospheric pressures.
LIDAR
LIDAR, which stands for light detection and ranging, is a revolutionary airborne technology that is being used to make high resolution maps. LiDAR measures distance by illuminating a target or area with a laser and analyzing the reflected light. This technology is extremely useful for generating precise, three-dimensional information about the Earth and its surface characteristics. The image above shows a forest that has been mapped with LiDAR technology.
Doppler Radar
Doppler radar is commonly used in weather forecasting for it is a specialized type of radar that uses the Doppler effect to produce velocity data about an object at a distance. The image above was taken of Hurricane Frances and Doppler radar was used to produce this detailed picture. Doppler radar is also used in aviation, police speed guns, radiology, sounding satellites, and bistatic radar.
Black and White Aerial Photo
Black and white aerial photos are used to display a geographic area from a bird's eye point of view. These photos can be very detailed and are often used for remote sensing. The image above is a black and white aerial photo that is showing an interchange as well as the surrounding landscape, roads, and buildings.
Infrared Aerial Photo
Infrared aerial photos are taken from satellites and are taken with the use of infrared electromagnetic radiation. Infrared film allows us to view wavelengths that lay outside of our visible range on the electromagnetic spectrum. These images are useful for looking at vegetation and also allow a more pronounced difference between water and land. The image above is from Discovery Bay and shows us what water and land both look like when taken with infrared film.
Cartographic Animations
Cartographic animations are used to add a temporal component to mapping by displaying change in some dimension. Animated mapping is very commonly used to display weather changes over a period of time. News stations and weather channels will use cartographic animations when informing people about future weather conditions that may be hazardous or dangerous. The map above shows the movement of Hurricane Andrew from its starting position to its ending position.
Wednesday, April 16, 2014
Statistical Map
A statistical map displays the variation in the quantity of a factor for a specific geographic region. The three most common types of statistical maps are choropleth maps, proportional symbol maps, and dot maps. The map above is a choropleth map because it uses a range of colors to display the mean travel time to work for Americans in the year 2006.
Flow Maps
Flow maps are great for displaying the movement of objects or things from one place to another. A few examples of typical flow maps are the migration of people, the amount of goods being traded, or the number of packets in a network. The map above shows the flow of certain diseases across the world.
Isoline map
An Isoline map uses continuous lines to join points that are of equal value. There are many different map types that can be considered an isoline map such as contour maps, isotherms, isobars, isotachs, isohyets and several others. The map above is an isoline map that measures temperature across the United States.
Proportional Circle Maps
A proportional circle map is basically just a thematic map that uses circles to represent a value for a certain geographic region. The circles usually vary in size and represent different values. The map above is a proportional circle map that is measuring the amount of traffic fatalities in the United States by state for the year 2009. The larger the circles, the more fatalities occurred in that specific state.
Choropleth Maps
A choropleth map displays a particular variable by using different concentrations of colors and also by the use of different shades. Choropleth maps allow us an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a region. The map above uses different shades to display the portion of each state's population that lives in urban areas for the year 2000.
Dot Distribution Map
Dot Distribution maps create a visual impression of density by placing a dot in an approximate location of one or more instances of the variable being calculated and mapped. These maps are commonly used to display the population density of a particular area. The map above is a dot distribution map that displays cell phone towers in the United States.
Propaganda Map
A Propaganda map portrays the world not as it really is, but instead by the perceptions of the cartographer. Many of the maps can be comical, satirical, or humorous while also expressing negative and belligerent views about other countries. These maps grew in popularity during the World War I era. The map above is a English propaganda map that was created in 1914 and it depicts several different stereotypes.
Tuesday, April 15, 2014
Hyposemetric Map
A hyposemetric map is basically a topographic map but instead of using contour lines to indicate different elevations it uses various shades of color. To properly understand a hyposemetric map, you must determine what elevations the different shades indicate. A common scheme may use dark greens for low elevations and then progress to yellow/browns for middle elevations and onwards to grays and whites at the highest elevations. The map above displays a portion of Europe by using this scheme. We can clearly tell the difference between the lower elevations and the much higher elevations by this simple use of color.
PLSS Map
The Public Land Survey System, or PLSS, is a method used for subdividing and describing land in the United States. This program is also sometimes called the rectangular survey system because all lands in the public domain are subject to subdivision by this rectangular system. The PLSS divides land into 6-mile-square townships and then the townships are subdivided into 36 one-mile-square sections. Most of the PLSS surveys start at an initial point and the townships are divided north, south, east and west of that point. It is important to know that the north-south line that runs through the initial point is a true meridian that is known as the Principal meridian. The east-west line that goes through the initial point is known as a base line and it is perpendicular to the Principal meridian. In the map above we can see these Principal meridians and base lines throughout the country.
Cadastral Map
A cadastral map is usually maintained by the government and shows detailed information about land ownership. These maps are a matter of public record and can be viewed by anyone. The map above is a cadastral map because it shows the many individual parcels of land that make up a particular neighborhood.
Thematic Map
A thematic map is designed to show a particular theme about a certain geographic area. These themes can be physical, social, political, cultural, sociological or agricultural. The theme of the map above is the estimated median household income for 2008 in the United States. Each state is shaded by a specific color that represents a particular price range for the income of Americans.
Topographic Map
A topographic map is characterized by large-scale detail as well as a quantitative representation of relief with the use of contour lines, shading or coloring. These maps allow us to portray all three dimensions on a flat piece of paper and can be very useful when examining elevation changes between mountains, hills, and valleys. The picture above is a topographic map of the Piney Z area located in Tallahassee.
Planimetric Map
http://www.tripleblaze.com/blog/2013/03/27/navigation-basics-types-of-maps/
A planimetric map, also known as a line map, displays only the horizontal positions for the features being represented. This map is different from a topographic map as it does not show any relief features. The map above is a good example of a planimetric map because we are only seeing the land in a two dimensional form with the elevation being excluded.
Monday, April 14, 2014
Mental Map
This picture above is a Mental Map of the World with the major continents being drawn and displayed. A mental map can be defined as a map that represents an individual's perceptions and knowledge of a particular place or area. The map above qualifies as a mental map because it was created from a specific person's memory of the World and the major continents. With the best of their knowledge, this person drew fairly accurate representations of the locations, sizes, and names of the many different continents.
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